Prevention of cardiac implantable electronic device infections: guidelines and conventional prophylaxis

Cardiovascular implantable electronic device infections: associated risk factors and prevention.

Infections of cardiovascular implantable electric devices (CIED) are a burden on patients and healthcare systems and should be prevented. The most frequent pathogens are coagulase-negative staphylococci and Staphylococcus aureus. The most important risk factors for CIED infections are diabetes mellitus, renal and heart failure, corticosteroid use, oral anticoagulation, fever within 24 hours bef...

Cardiac implantable electronic device infections: presentation, management, and patient outcomes.

BACKGROUND Indications for cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) are increasing. Although CIED infections occur infrequently, the impact of this outcome is expected to be substantial. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to the evaluate the outcome of patients undergoing removal of infected CIEDs. METHODS A retrospective study was conducted of all patients with proven or suspect...

Guidelines for the diagnosis, management and prevention of implantable cardiac electronic device infection.

Cardiac Implantable Electronic Device Infection: From an Infection Prevention Perspective

A cardiac implantable electronic device (CIED) is indicated for patients with severely reduced ejection fraction or with life-threatening cardiac arrhythmias. Infection related to a CIED is one of the most feared complications of this life-saving device. The rate of CIED infection has been estimated to be between 2 and 25; though evidence shows that this rate continues to rise with increasing e...

Infections of Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices

The use of cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs), which includes permanent pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators, has greatly increased over the past two decades. Unfortunately, along with the rising use of cardiac medical devices, there has been a disproportional increase in the number of infections of such devices [1]. The rates of infection of CIED range from 0.1% t...